Low-Magic Setting

Hello everyone! I'm working on a low-magic setting. The vibe I'm trying to go for is MonsterHunter meets Darkest Dungeon. I won't get too into it, but basically, I'm having a bit of trouble balancing some classes. I've already banned most of the full casters (Cleric, Druid, Sorcerer, Warlock and Wizard). Bards get to stay because I limited their spell list to stuff that can be reflavored to pretty simple acts, or made into songs (example: "Charm Person" is just them verbally trying to manipulate someone, so they say some smooth words (spell component), then gain the effect.). But for Rangers and Paladins, they seem a bit more complicated? Some spells like Fog Cloud, Hail of Thorns, or Zephyr Strike I can say are items or tactical prowess. Paladins I think I'm reflavoring their aura into "shouts" but function as auras. But Lay on Hands is a tough one when it's just divine magic. Thanks for any advice and insights!

TL;DR How do I balance half casters in a low-magic setting when their class features are so magically tied?